Family :

Service Life:

Campaigns:

• The First World War 1914-1918, World-wide.

The Battle of the Somme 1st July - 18th November 1916 is inevitably characterised by the appalling casualties (60,000) on the first day, July 1st 1916. Having failed to break through the German lines in force, and also failed to maximise opportunities where success was achieved, the battle became a series of attritional assaults on well defended defence in depth. The battle continued officially until 18th November 1916 costing almost 500,000 British casualties. German casualties were about the same, and French about 200,000. The Somme could not be counted a success in terms of ground gained or the cost, but it had a strategic impact as it marked the start of the decline of the German Army. Never again would it be as effective whilst the British Army, learning from its experience eventually grew stronger to become a war winning army. The German High Command recognised that it could never again fight another Somme, a view that advanced the decision to invoke unrestricted submarine warfare in an attempt to starve Britain of food and material, and in doing so accelerated the United States declaration of war thus guaranteeing the eventual outcome. 287 Brethren were killed on the Somme in 1916.

Detail :

MELLOR, Frederick Courtney, Lieutenant, 1/Newfoundland Regiment.

The Newfoundland Regiment is forever linked with the events of July 1st 1916, the disastrous first day of the Somme, and no Battalion can claim a more emotional story of that day. Newfoundland today is part of Canada but in 1914 it was a colony of Britain. Geographically within Canada but in every other respect British, indeed it remained so until 1948. Therefore when the call to arms came in August 1914 the Newfoundlanders very quickly raised a battalion and it was shipped to Britain where it was integrated within the British Army. It was part of the "Incomparable" 29th Division, which earned its name at Gallipoli where the Division was numerically speaking, destroyed not once but twice, sustaining over 34,000 casualties. A Division at that time typically had about 18,000 men. The Division was then moved to France following the evacuation of Gallipoli and it found itself at possibly the key location on July 1st, the first day on the Somme, opposite Beaumont Hamel. The Newfoundland account is found in "The First Five Hundred" which described the plan: "The Newfoundland Regiment was to start from Newfoundlanders' St. John's Road, a new trench built by the Regiment. They were to cross two support trenches and our firing line, from which they would pass through the gaps in our wire and across to No Man's Land. They were then to cross the first and second German systems, which were supposed to have been taken by the 86th and 87th Brigades, and halt near Puiseux Road while our artillery weakened the third enemy system, which was the objective that our Regiment was to take possession of".

Against this background the men of 2/Royal Welsh Fusiliers followed by 2/Border Regiment, accompanied by the shrill of whistles, set off at 0730hrs directly in front of the Newfoundlanders. As they moved forward over the crest of the ridge that briefly sheltered the British troops they were met by a violent response by the German artillery which had largely avoided destruction by its British counterpart. To this was added the German machine gun and rifle fire from the positions around Y Ravine. The outcome was total confusion and carnage. Few of the first wave travelled many yards into No Man's Land before they were hit. Over an hour after the first wave set out the Newfoundlanders were ordered at 0840hrs to move forward to support the failed attack. The Germans were able to concentrate artillery fire across the whole sector to the two support trenches that the Newfoundlanders were attempting to cross over open ground. The result was dreadful. The Newfoundland Regiment was destroyed. 710 men were casualties. By 1020hrs the sector was quiet apart from the cries of the wounded and the occasional sniper dealing with outstanding matters. Sir Douglas Haig telegraphed: The heroism and devotion to duty they displayed on the 1st July has never been surpassed. The Lieutenant-General who commanded the Corps said: "its assault only failed of success because dead men can advance no farther". On a single day when 32 Battalions suffered casualties in excess of 500, the losses of the Newfoundlanders rank amongst the top 3, if not the highest.

If we accept that the number of men that were committed from each battalion would be around 800 maximum, the Newfoundlanders had a casualty rate of nearly 90%. Lieutenant Frederick Courtney MELLOR was one of those casualties. We do not know exactly how he died because nobody was left to tell. Those who may have seen him fall, also fell, however there is a report in the archives in St John's Newfoundland that tells us that Mellor was the signaling officer of the battalion and one of his men records that he was killed by machine gun bullets almost as soon as he left the trench and fell into a shell hole. The same man survived the day and reported that Lt Mellor was seen in the same shell hole and that his body was taken behind the lines and was buried in what became the Knightsbridge Cemetery within sight of the place he died. The archive goes on to show that Mellor's brother (Lt W E Mellor of the Canadian Engineers) made a cross and nameplate that marked the grave. However the archives also contain a report from a 2/Lt R T Smith of 2/Seaforth Highlanders dated 2/4/1917 which records that he was on patrol in the former No Man's Land at Beaumont Hamel on 19th November 1916 when he found a body. Attached to the left wrist was an identity disc of a Lt F C Mellor, 1st Newfoundland Battalion. Smith buried the body in a shell hole and marked the grave but it was later lost. The possibility exists that the grave in Knightsbridge Cemetery does not contain the body of Lt Frederick Mellor. Frederick was initiated into Freemasonry in January 1914 in Newfoundland and his occupation was described as a Cable Operator. He was Passed on 27th February and Raised on 28th March 1914.

He enlisted into the Newfoundland Regiment on 2nd September 1914 and was promoted to 2/lieutenant on 22nd April 1915, just before the Gallipoli campaign. He served in Gallipoli during which he was promoted to Lieutenant on 16th October 1915. He was transferred to France with the battalion in March 1916. Also on that day two Masonic Brothers in the Newfoundland Regiment died with Frederick; Captain Eric Stanley AYRE of WHITEWAY Lodge No 3541 (the same lodge that Frederick was a member of) and Corporal Randolph Milligan WINTER of HIRAM Lodge No 1281 also based in Newfoundland. Newfoundland, because of its "colonial" status organised its freemasonry under the control of the United Grand Lodge of England rather than a Canadian Grand Lodge. Today the ground over which the Newfoundlanders fell is a permanent memorial. It has been preserved by the Newfoundland government and is one of the most emotive locations on the Western Front. The trench lines can still be seen and the casual visitor looks out from the Caribou memorial (which offers an elevated view from the British front line) and is instinctively drawn towards No Man's Land, the ravine and the cemeteries that mark the valley bottom. They often do not know that the ground on which the men for whom the memorial park is a lasting tribute, actually fell behind the Caribou memorial in a small corner of the park. Most of them never made it that far.

Masonic :

Source :

The project globally acknowledges the following as sources of information for research across the whole database:

• The Commonwealth War Graves Commission
• The (UK) National Archives
• Ancestry.co.uk - Genealogy, Family Trees & Family History online
• ugle.org.uk - The records of the United Grand Lodge of England including the Library and Museum of Freemasonry

Additional Source:

• Founder Researchers : Paul Masters & Mike McCarthy
• Researcher : Bruce Littley